Design Pattern for Development and Maintenance of Geographical IT Systems
نویسنده
چکیده
The information society, having a growing information domain/amount, requires a reliable information infrastructure with ability to distribute the right information from the right information producer to the right information consumer, at the right time and with the right quality on demand (information-on-demand). Another growing demand, parallel with the information distribution infrastructure, is information visualization. Information visualization is one of the important tools that help consumers to interpret and understand the distributed data, and facilitate the decision-making process. Maps have always been a popular method for visualizing spatial objects, objects that contain spatial references such as address co-ordinates and building ID. The rapidly growing need for geographical information systems (also called GI systems/applications) and components has an impact on the processes of development and maintenance of geographical information systems and components. The main purpose of this research is to study design patterns and suggest methods, models, rules of thumb and so on to improve the process of development and maintaining geographical information systems and reduce the total life cycle cost. The main objective is divided into following sub objectives: To describe different patterns, solutions, models, suggestions and recommendations that can improve the process of developing GI-applications in order to reduce the cost of producing, developing and maintaining applications with a high level of quality and serviceability. To examine if and how the idea of design pattern is applicable to the architecture of software with spatial components (commonly called GI systems). To identify the factors that impact the costs of GI software development and maintenance processes and if possible recommend a model for reducing the cost and improving the quality of the solutions. To find and suggest solutions, models, rules of thumb, suggestions and recommendations that can improve the process of developing GI-applications. During the study, it has been noticed that recurrent GI-problems are solved but those solutions are hardly communicated among developers. On the basis of software developed in many of the research projects and also students’ works we have observed that the architecture of GI software is in most cases similar to any other software. This similarity makes it possible to apply general software development patterns to GI applications. Further more it is noticed that recurring problems are not dependent on who the developer is or to what category she or he belongs, but on the problem situation Design Pattern for Development and Maintenance of Geographical IT Systems Page 4 and the context of the application. This means that the developer faces almost the same kinds of problems in a given situation. It has also been noticed that the size of projects and demands from customers, management, development organisations and culture/experiences, maintenance organisations and so on have an effect on how much the developer group need to use patterns and semi-manufactured components during the software development process. The study has shown that generic IT patterns can be used for designing GIapplications, but there is still a need for technologyand product-specific patterns for GI-components. Design Pattern for Development and Maintenance of Geographical IT Systems Page 5 SUMMARY IN SWEDISH (SAMMANFATTNING) Informationssamhället med en växande informationsmängd/-domän kräver en tillförlitlig informationsinfrastruktur med förmåga att distribuera rätt information från rätt informationsproducent till rätt informationskonsument, i rätt tid och med rätt kvalitet på begäran av konsumenten (information-på-begäran). Ett annat växande krav, parallellt med infrastrukturen av informationsdistribution, är visualisering av information. Informationsvisualisering är ett viktigt verktyg som hjälper informationskonsumenten att tolka och förstå distribuerade data samt underlättar beslutsstödsprocessen. Kartor har alltid varit ett populärt sätt att visualisera spatiala objekt, objekt som innehåller rumsliga referenser som t ex en adress eller en fastighetsbeteckning. Det snabbt växande behovet av geografiska informationssystem och geografiska komponenter har en påverkan på applikationsutvecklingsoch underhållsprocessen av geografiska informationssystem och geografiska komponenter. Målet med detta arbete är att studera design mönster och föreslå metoder, modeller, tumregler osv. som förbättrar utvecklingsoch underhållsprocessen vid framtagning av geografiska informationssystem samt att reducera totala livscykelkostnaden. Detta mål delas in i följande delmål: Att beskriva olika mönster, lösningar, modeller, förslag och rekommendationer som kan förbättra GI-applikationsutvecklingsprocessen i att reducera kostnaden för produktion, utveckling och underhåll av applikationer med hög kvalitet och användbarhet Att undersöka om och hur idéerna med design mönster kan appliceras på arkitekturen av mjukvara med en eller flera spatiala komponenter (allmänt kallade för GI system) Att identifiera faktorer som kan påverka kostnaden i utvecklingsoch underhållsprocessen och om möjligt rekommendera en modell som reducerar dessa kostnader och förbättrar kvaliteten på en lösning Att hitta och föreslå lösningar, tumregler, förslag och rekommendationer som kan förbättra utvecklingsprocessen av GI-applikationer Under denna studie har det noterats att återkommande GI-problem har lösts men lösningen har inte kommunicerats mellan utvecklare. Det har även observerats, baserat på studier av mjukvaror utvecklade inom många av forskningsprojekt och även studentarbeten, att arkitekturen i GI-system är, i de flesta avseenden, lik andra system. Dessa likheter gör det möjligt att applicera generella applikationsutvecklingsmönster och designmönster på GI-applikationer. Design Pattern for Development and Maintenance of Geographical IT Systems Page 6 Det har även noterats att de återkommande problemen inte är beroende av utvecklare utan av typ av problemsituation och applikationens sammanhang och omgivning. Detta innebär att utvecklaren möter nästan samma typ av problem under en given situation. Det har även noterats att storleken på projekt och krav från kunder, ledning, utvecklingsorganisationens kultur och erfarenheter, underhållsorganisation och så vidare, har en påverkan på hur mycket utvecklingsgruppen behöver använda mönster/mallar och halvfabricerade komponenter i utvecklingsprocessen. Denna studie har visat att generella IT mönster kan användas för att designa GIapplikationer men det finns ett behov av teknologioch produktspecifika mönster för GI-komponenter.
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